One problem that should not be overlooked is that many women with young children come from working class families where wages have not kept up with living costs and they are forced to take part-time or even full-time jobs to help their families make ends meet. Previous research suggests that it takes significant time to reintegrate women into the labor force once they are out of work-all the more reason why governments should pursue policies that ensure job retention during the crisis. This represented a loss in more than a million jobs. For women, the gap went from 11.4 percentage points in February 2020 to 12 percentage points in September 2020 before narrowing slightly to 11.8 percentage points in January 2021. Nearly a year into the pandemic, the ongoing gap between the participation of men and women in the US labor market-that is, the difference between the share of women employed or actively looking for work relative to the share of men-has recovered only slightly. Unfortunately, the widening of the gender gap may prove long-lasting. Women also were more likely to hold part-time or contract jobs that lack benefits, reducing their incentive to stay employed in the face of other demands on their attention. In addition, the shutdown of schools and day care facilities in the United States meant that women, more than men, sacrificed their jobs in order to stay at home to take care of children. The pandemic caused layoffs in service sectors of the economy, such as restaurants, food production, and retail, in which women are more heavily employed. Why did the pandemic hit women harder than men? A variety of factors have been at work.
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